Step-down passive avoidance: CER or specific avoidance?
نویسندگان
چکیده
منابع مشابه
Step-down passive avoidance in the rat ontogeny.
Ontogeny of step-down passive avoidance (PA) was studied in 174 Wistar rats at the age of 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 13 weeks. Latency to the first descent from the safe bench (DL), number of descents (DN), time to criterion meeting (TC) and time during which animals were shocked (TS), were evaluated within learning (L) and two consecutive retention tests (R1 and R2); R1 took place at short to intermedi...
متن کاملA New Device for Step-Down Inhibitory Avoidance Task—Effects of Low and High Frequency in a Novel Device for Passive Inhibitory Avoidance Task That Avoids Bioimpedance Variations
BACKGROUND Step-down inhibitory avoidance task has been widely used to evaluate aversive memory, but crucial parameters inherent to traditional devices that may influence the behavior analysis (as stimulus frequency, animal's bioimpedance) are frequently neglected. NEW METHOD We developed a new device for step-down inhibitory avoidance task by modifying the shape and distribution of the stain...
متن کاملEffect of Morphine on Passive Avoidance Memory in Cholestatic Rats
Background and purpose: Morphine as an opioid compound has different and sometimes conflicting effects on memory and learning process. Bile duct ligation causes cholestasis, which disrupts liver function. It is known that opioid systems are involved in cholestasis. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effect of morphine on the memory of cholestatic rats. Materials and methods:...
متن کاملThe role of hippocampal nitric oxide in passive avoidance learning
Abstract: Introduction: Nitric oxide (NO) is a retrograde messenger in hippocampal synaptic plasticity which involves in learning and memory processes. Previous studies revealed that hippocampal pyramidal cells contain NO synthase (NOS) enzyme which produce NO and could be a promising target to evaluate the role of NO in brain cognitive functions. So in this study, using NOS inhibitor (L-NAME)...
متن کاملTax Avoidance and Institutional Ownership: Active vs. Passive Ownership
Income tax is one of the most important costs of companies and it is usually considered as a cost that should not be paid. One of the most noticeable and influential factors in tax avoidance is corporate ownership structure. With an emphasis on institutional ownership and its types in this paper, it is attempted to measure the effect of this ownership and its types on corporate tax avoidance. F...
متن کاملذخیره در منابع من
با ذخیره ی این منبع در منابع من، دسترسی به آن را برای استفاده های بعدی آسان تر کنید
ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Psychonomic Science
سال: 1972
ISSN: 0033-3131
DOI: 10.3758/bf03328877